This is where the real strengths of Discrete Event Simulation (DES), or time-based process simulation, can be brought in.

Primary prevention measures should include the selection of non-toxic materials, products with low levels of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), furnishings without fire retardants and cleaning products without harmful chemicals..In areas with potentially high pollution levels, the adoption of adequate monitoring is recommended, combined with air filtration systems (HEPA filters for PM2.5 particles, carbon filters for VOCs and UV light filter for airborne pathogens)..

Measures to improve hygiene and reduce the transmission of pathogens include the adoption of touchless technology (light switches, lift buttons, doors), antiviral coatings and the provision of hand sanitiser dispensers.Attenuation measures include the provision of openable windows, increased fresh air rates and avoiding air recirculation..Balancing improvements to air quality and energy efficiency..

Some of the recommendations widely accepted in the industry for the re-occupation of buildings post-pandemic have a direct impact on energy efficiency.In order to improve indoor air quality and reduce the likelihood of pathogens, fresh air rates need to be increased and air filters should be installed.

However, that increases energy consumption from fans.

In naturally ventilated buildings, the recommendation is that windows should be opened frequently, even during winter, but this causes substantial heat loss and the inefficient operation of heating and cooling systems.UK Government’s Construction Playbook.

, whose core policy – harmonise, digitise and rationalise demand – creates a new opportunity to apply a consistent set of technical standards to assets being built across the public sector..This level of standardisation has the capability to create fewer documents and standards, giving the market a much better opportunity to respond, he says.

Johnston feels that the adoption of a more standardised, foundational approach will act as a springboard, setting up the opportunity to work with more sophisticated industrialised construction techniques like prefab and DfMA.. Amy Marks is fine with the idea of standardisation but thinks things also depend on how performance-based, or prescriptive those standards are.She cautions that we don’t want a level of standardisation where there isn’t space for innovation, or which “precludes fabrication.”.